Igcine ukubuyekezwa ngoMeyi 19, 2021 ngu Roger Kaufman
Okudingeka ngempela sikwazi ngezwe lamaSulumane
I-Islamic World Lecture ka-Vera F. Birkenbihl (April 26, 1946;
† Disemba 3, 2011) Ngo-2008 eKarsfeld
Isithombe iYurophu enaso sezwe lamaSulumane ngokuvamile sibonakala ngokungazi nokwesaba. U-Vera F. Birkenbihl unikeza ukuqonda okujabulisayo ngezwe lamaSulumane - amaphuzu athile abalulekile avela kokuqukethwe:
- Iyini i-FATWA?
- Isho ukuthini ngempela i-JIHAAD?
- Ingabe abesifazane abangamaSulumane kufanele bagqoke iveli?
- Ngabe inqubekelaphambili nobuSulumane kuyaphikisana?
- Uyini umehluko phakathi kwamaSunni namaShia?
- Ingabe kukhona ukukhululwa kwamaSulumane kwabesifazane?
Vera F. Birkenbihl (April 26, 1946 - Disemba 3, 2011)
Maphakathi nawo-1980, u-Vera F. Birkenbihl waziwa kangcono ngendlela yokuzithuthukisa yokufunda ulimi, indlela ye-Birkenbihl. Lokhu kuthembisa ukuthi kuzodlula ngaphandle “kwe-cramming” yamagama. Indlela imele isifundo esiphathekayo sokufunda okulungele ubuchopho. Ngamazwi akhe, leli gama liwukuhunyushwa kwegama elithi "ingqondo enobungane" elingeniswe lisuka e-USA.
Ezingqungqutheleni nasekushicilelweni, wabhekana nezihloko zokufunda nokufundisa okusebenzisa ingqondo, ukucabanga kokuhlaziya nokusungula, ukuthuthukiswa kobuntu, ukubhula ngezinombolo, i-pragmatic esotericism, umehluko wobulili obuthize obuqondene nobuchopho kanye nokusebenza kwesikhathi esizayo. Uma kukhulunywa ngezindikimba esoteric, wabhekisa kuThorwald Dethlefsen.
U-Vera F. Birkenbihl wasungula indlu yokushicilela futhi ngo-1973 isikhungo somsebenzi ovumela ingqondo. millennium ku-BR-alpha ukuze ubone.
Ngonyaka ka-2000, uVera F. Birkenbihl wayesedayise izincwadi eziyizigidi ezimbili.
Kuze kube muva nje, enye yezindawo ayegxile kuzo kwakuyisihloko sokudluliswa kolwazi ngendlela yokudlala kanye namasu okufunda ahambisanayo (amasu okufunda okungezona ezokufunda), okwakuhloswe ngawo ukwenza umsebenzi owenziwayo ube lula kubafundi nakothisha. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, wasungula indlela yohlu lwe-ABC.
Imiklomelo kaVera F. Birkenbihl
- 2008 Ihholo Lodumo - Inhlangano Yezikhulumi ZaseJalimane
- 2010 Umklomelo Wokuqeqesha - Izimpumelelo Ezikhethekile kanye Nokufaneleka
umthombo: I-Wikipedia Vera F. Birkenbihl
I-Islam ilandela ubuKristu eyesibili ngobukhulu benkolo Ukholo emhlabeni, namaSulumane ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1,8 emhlabeni jikelele. Nakuba izimpande zawo zibuyela emuva, izazi ngokuvamile zithi ukudalwa kwe-Islam kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lesi-7, okuyenza ibe encane kunazo zonke ezinkolweni ezinkulu zomhlaba.
Inkolo yobuSulumane yaqala eMecca, okuyiSaudi Arabia yanamuhla, ngesikhathi AmaLebens yoMprofethi uMuhammad. namuhla inkolelo yasakazeka ngokushesha emhlabeni wonke.
Islam Amaqiniso - Islamic World
Igama elithi "Islam" lisho "ukuzithoba entandweni kaNkulunkulu".
abalandeli be Islam abizwa ngokuthi amaSulumane.
AmaSulumane akholelwa kuNkulunkulu oyedwa futhi adumisa uNkulunkulu owazi konke, obizwa ngokuthi u-Allah ngesi-Arabhu.
Abalandeli be-Islam bafuna eyodwa ukuphila ngokuzithoba okuphelele kuAllah.
Bacabanga ukuthi ayikho into engenzeka ngaphandle kwemvume kaAllah, kodwa abantu banenkululeko yokuzikhethela.
I-Islam ikhombisa lokho OkaAllah izwi kumprofethi Muhammad ngaphezulu kwe Ingelosi uGabriyeli kwembulwa.
AmaSulumane akholelwa ukuthi abaprofethi abambalwa bathunyelwa ukufundisa umthetho ka-Allah. Bayabazisa abanye babaprofethi abafana namaJuda kanye namaKristu ahlanganisa u-Abrahama, uMose, uNowa kanye noJesu. AmaSulumane athi uMuhammad wayengumprofethi wokugcina.
Ama-mosque yizindawo lapho amaSulumane athandaza khona - izwe lamaSulumane
Ezinye izindawo ezibalulekile ezingcwele zamaSulumane yilezi Ithempeli laseKaaba enhlokodolobha, i-Al-Aqsa Mosque eJerusalema kanye neMosque yoMprofethi uMuhammad eMedina.
IKoran (noma I-Koran) ingumlayezo ongcwele omkhulu we-Islam. I-hadith ingenye incwadi ebalulekile. AmaSulumane nawo athanda ukwaziswa okutholakala kuyi-Judeo-Christian Holy Bible.
Abalandeli bathandaza u-Allah ngethemba futhi baveze i-Quran. Bakholelwa ukuthi kuyoba khona usuku lokwahlulela ukuphila ngemva kokufa uzonikela.
Isiphakamiso esiyinhloko ku-Islam yi-"jihad," okusho "ukuzabalaza." Nakuba leli gama lisetshenziswe kabi emphakathini ovamile, amaSulumane acabanga ukuthi lisho imizamo yangaphakathi nengaphandle yokuvikela eyabo ukwethemba kuchaza.
Nakuba kuvamile, lokhu kungase kuhlanganise i-jihad yamabutho ahlomile lapho "ukulwa okulula" kuyadingeka.
Muhammad - izwe Islamic
Umphrofethi uMuhammad, oke abizwe ngokuthi uMohammed noma uMohammad, wazalelwa enhlokodolobha yaseSaudi Arabia ngo-AD 570. AmaSulumane akholelwa ukuthi ungumprofethi wokugcina owathunyelwa uNkulunkulu ukuba enze ukholo lwawo lutholakale esintwini.
Ngokwemiyalezo namasiko amaSulumane, ngo-610 AD ingelosi okuthiwa uGabriel yahlola uMuhammad ngenkathi ezindla emhumeni. Ingelosi yathenga uMuhammad ukuthi akhulume amazwi kaAllah.
AmaSulumane akholelwa ukuthi uMuhammad washiywa ukuphila kwakhe konke ukuze athole izambulo ezivela ku-Allah.
Kusukela ngo-613, uMuhammad washumayela kulo lonke elaseMecca ngemiyalezo ayeyitholile. Wafundisa ukuthi akukho lutho ngaphandle kukaAllah nokuthi amaSulumane nina ukuphila ukuzinikela kulo nkulunkulu.
IHijra
Ngo-622, uMuhammad wahamba esuka eMecca waya eMedina nabameli bakhe. Lolu hambo lwalubizwa ngokuthi i-Hijra (ephinde ibhalwe ukuthi Hegira noma Hijrah) futhi luphawula ukuqala kwekhalenda lamaSulumane. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-7, u-Muhammad kanye nabalandeli bakhe abaningi babuyela eMecca futhi banqoba isifunda. Waqhubeka efundisa kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-632.
Abu Bakr
Ngemuva kukaMohammed Tod Islam yasabalala ngokushesha. Iqoqo labaholi abaziwa ngokuthi ama-caliph laba abalandeli bakaMuhammad. Lolu hlelo lobuholi, olwaluholwa umholi wamaMuslim, lwagcina selaziwa ngokuthi yi-caliphate.
Umbusi wokuqala kwakungu-Abu Bakr, umkhwe kaMuhammad kanye nomngane wakhe.
U-Abu Bakr washona cishe eminyakeni emibili ngemva kokukhethwa kwakhe futhi walandelwa ngo-634 nguCaliph Umar, omunye woyisezala kaMuhammad.
uhlelo lwe-caliphate
Ngenkathi u-Umar ebulawa eminyakeni eyisithupha emva kokuqokwa kwakhe njengokhaliph, u-Uthman, umkhwenyana kaMuhammad, wathatha umsebenzi.
U-Uthman naye waqedwa futhi u-Ali, isihlobo sikaMuhammad kanye nomkhwenyana wakhe, wakhethwa njengomholi olandelayo.
Phakathi nokubusa kwamaKhalifa amane okuqala, amaSulumane ama-Arab anqoba izifunda ezinkulu zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi ezihlanganisa iSyria, iPalestine, i-Iran kanye ne-Iraq. I-Islam nayo yasakazekela ezindaweni zase-Europe, e-Afrika nase-Asia.
Uhlelo lwe-caliphate lwathatha amakhulu eminyaka futhi lwagcina luguquke lwaba yi-Footrest Empire, eyayilawula izifunda ezinkulu zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi kusukela ngo-1517 kuya ku-1917, lapho iMpi Yezwe I iqeda amandla e-Footrest.
AmaSunnis kanye namaShiites - izwe lamaSulumane
Lapho uMuhammad eshona kwaba nenkulumompikiswano ngokuthi ubani okufanele amshintshe njengomholi. Lokhu kwaholela ekuhlukaneni kwe-Islam futhi kwavela amahlelo amabili amakhulu: amaSunni kanye namaShia.
AmaSunni akha cishe amaphesenti angama-90 amaSulumane emhlabeni wonke. Bayavuma ukuthi amaKhalifa amane okuqala ayengabalandeli beqiniso bakaMuhammad.
AmaSulumane amaShia akholelwa ukuthi nguCaliph Ali kuphela kanye nenzalo yakhe abangabalandeli beqiniso bakaMuhammad. Baphikisa ubuqiniso bama-caliph amathathu okuqala. Namuhla amaSulumane amaShia akhona e-Iran, e-Iraq naseSyria.
Ezinye Izinhlobo Islam - Islamic World
Kunamanye amahlelo amancane amaMuslim ngaphakathi kwamaqembu amaSunni kanye namaShia.
Ezinye zazo yilezi:
Isizwe samaTameem saseSaudi Arabia sasungulwa ngekhulu le-18. Abalandeli babona incazelo eqinile ye-Islam efundiswa uMuhammad bin Abd al-Wahhab.
Alawite: Le Islam yamaShiite ibusa eSyria. Abalandeli banemibono efanayo ngoCaliph Ali, kodwa futhi bagcine amanye amaholide obuKristu namaZoroastrian.
I-Land of Islam: Leli hlelo elikhulu lamaSunni ase-Afrika-American lasungulwa eDetroit, eMichigan ngeminyaka yawo-1930.
Ama-Kharijites: Leli qembu lacekelwa phansi amaShia ngemuva kokungaboni ngaso linye ngokuthi kumele kukhethwe kanjani umholi omusha. Baziwa nge-radical fundamentalism futhi manje sebebizwa ngokuthi ama-Ibadi.
IKoran (kwezinye izimo ebizwa ngokuthi iKoran noma iKoran) ibhekwa njengenye yezincwadi ezingcwele ezibaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwamaSulumane.
Iqukethe ulwazi olujwayelekile olutholakala eBhayibhelini lesiHebheru ngaphezu kwezambulo ezanikwa uMuhammad. Umbhalo uthi wacabanga ngeZwi likaNkulunkulu elingcwele futhi ithatha indawo yonke imisebenzi yangaphambilini.
AmaSulumane amaningi akholelwa ukuthi ababhali bakaMuhammad babhala amazwi akhe, agcina eseyiKoran. (U-Muhammad uqobo akazange ayalwe ukuba afunde noma abhale.)
Umhlahlandlela uqukethe u-Allah njengomuntu wokuqala ukukhuluma noMuhammad ngoGabriel. Kuhlanganisa izigaba ezingu-114 ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-suras.
Izazi zikholelwa ukuthi iKoran yethiwa ngoMuhammad Tod yahlanganiswa ngokushesha ngokwesekwa nguKhalifa Abu Bakr.
