Zasinthidwa komaliza pa Meyi 19, 2021 ndi Roger Kaufman
Zomwe tiyenera kudziwa zokhudza dziko lachi Islam
Nkhani Yadziko Lachisilamu yolembedwa ndi Vera F. Birkenbihl (April 26, 1946;
† December 3, 2011) 2008 ku Karsfeld
Chithunzi chomwe Ulaya ali nacho cha dziko lachi Islam nthawi zambiri chimadziwika ndi umbuli ndi mantha. Vera F. Birkenbihl akupereka chidziwitso chosangalatsa cha dziko lachi Islam - mfundo zina zazikulu kuchokera pazomwe zili:
- FATWA ndi chiyani?
- Kodi JIHAAD ikutanthauza chiyani kwenikweni?
- Kodi akazi achisilamu ayenera kuvala chophimba?
- Kodi kupita patsogolo ndi Chisilamu zikutsutsana?
- Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa Sunni ndi Shiite?
- Kodi pali ufulu wachisilamu wa amayi?
Vera F. Birkenbihl (April 26, 1946 - December 3, 2011)
Pakatikati mwa zaka za m'ma 1980, Vera F. Birkenbihl adadziwika bwino ndi njira yodzipangira yekha yophunzirira chinenero, njira ya Birkenbihl. Izi zidalonjeza kuti zitha popanda "kusokoneza" mawu. Njira imayimira phunziro lenileni la kuphunzira kothandiza ubongo. M'mawu ake, liwuli ndi kumasulira kwa mawu oti "ochezeka ndi ubongo" ochokera ku USA.
M'masemina ndi zofalitsa, adakambirana ndi mitu ya kuphunzira ndi kuphunzitsa kogwirizana ndi ubongo, kulingalira ndi kulenga, kakulidwe ka umunthu, manambala, pragmatic esotericism, kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi muubongo komanso kuyenerera kwamtsogolo. Zikafika pamitu ya esoteric, adatchula Thorwald Dethlefsen.
Vera F. Birkenbihl adakhazikitsa nyumba yosindikizira ndipo mu 1973 adayambitsa ntchito yochezeka ndi ubongo. Kuphatikiza pa iye 2004 adapanga masewera amutu apulogalamu ndi magawo 22 [9] anali mu 1999 ngati katswiri wazotsatira za Alpha - mawonedwe achitatu. Zakachikwi pa BR-alpha kuti muwone.
Pofika m’chaka cha 2000, Vera F. Birkenbihl anali atagulitsa mabuku XNUMX miliyoni.
Mpaka posachedwapa, imodzi mwa mfundo zake zazikulu inali mutu wa kusamutsa chidziwitso chongoseweretsa komanso njira zophunzirira zofananira (njira zophunzirira zosaphunzira), zomwe cholinga chake chinali kuti ntchito yothandiza ikhale yosavuta kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi. Mwa zina, adapanga njira ya mndandanda wa ABC.
Mphotho Vera F. Birkenbihl
- 2008 Hall of Fame - German Speakers Association
- 2010 Coaching Mphotho - Zopambana Zapadera ndi Zopindulitsa
gwero: Wikipedia Vera F. Birkenbihl
Chisilamu chili molingana ndi zimenezo ine Christentum chachiwiri chachikulu chachipembedzo Chikhulupiriro padziko lonse lapansi, ndi Asilamu 1,8 biliyoni padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale kuti chiyambi chake chimabwerera m'mbuyo, akatswiri ambiri amati Chisilamu chinakhazikitsidwa m'zaka za m'ma 7, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti likhale laling'ono kwambiri pamagulu akuluakulu achipembedzo padziko lapansi.
Chisilamu chinayamba ku Mecca, komwe tsopano ndi Saudi Arabia, panthawi ya nkhondo Malonda wa Mtumiki Muhammad. heute Chikhulupirirochi chikufalikira mofulumira padziko lonse lapansi.
Zowona za Chisilamu - Dziko la Chisilamu
Liwu lakuti “Islam” limatanthauza “kugonjera ku chifuniro cha Mulungu.”
mafani a Islam amatchedwa Asilamu.
Asilamu amakhulupilira Mulungu mmodzi ndipo amatamanda Mulungu wodziwa zonse, yemwe amatchedwa Allah mu Chiarabu.
Otsatira Chisilamu akufuna imodzi Leben atsogolereni podzipereka kwathunthu kwa Allah.
Akuganiza kuti palibe chimene chingachitike popanda chilolezo cha Allah, koma anthu ali ndi ufulu wosankha.
Chisilamu chikusonyeza zimenezo Mulungu Mawu kwa Mneneri Muhammad kuchokera ku über Mngelo Gabrieli zinawululidwa.
Asilamu amakhulupirira kuti aneneri angapo anatumizidwa kukaphunzitsa malamulo a Allah. Iwo amalemekeza ena mwa aneneri ofanana ndi Ayuda ndi Akristu, kuphatikizapo Abrahamu, Mose, Nowa ndi Yesu. Asilamu amati Muhammad anali mneneri womaliza.
Misikiti ndi malo omwe Asilamu amapemphera - dziko lachisilamu
Malo ena opatulika achisilamu ndi Kaaba Temple ku likulu, Msikiti wa Al-Aqsa ku Yerusalemu ndi Msikiti wa Mtumiki Muhammad ku Madina.
Koran (kapena Koran) ndi uthenga wopatulika wofunikira wa Chisilamu. Hadith ndi buku lina lofunika. Asilamu amachitanso chidwi ndi nkhani zopezeka m’Baibulo lopatulika la Ayuda ndi Akhristu.
Mafani amapemphera kwa Allah poyembekezera komanso kufotokoza Quran. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti palinso tsiku lachiweruzo moyo pambuyo pa imfa adzapereka.
Cholinga chachikulu mu Islam ndi "jihad," kutanthauza "kulimbana." Ngakhale kuti mawuwa akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika pakati pa anthu ambiri, Asilamu amaganiza kuti akuimira zoyesayesa zamkati ndi zakunja kuti adziteteze kudalira akufotokoza.
Ngakhale zachilendo, izi zingaphatikizepo jihad yankhondo pamene "kumenyana kosavuta" kumafunika.
Muhammad - dziko lachisilamu
Mneneri Muhammad, yemwe nthawi zina amatchedwa Mohammed kapena Mohammad, adabadwira ku likulu la Saudi Arabia mu 570 AD. Asilamu amakhulupirira kuti iye ndiye mneneri womaliza wotumidwa ndi Mulungu kuti chikhulupiriro chawo chifike kwa anthu.
Malinga ndi mauthenga ndi miyambo yachisilamu, mu 610 AD, mngelo wina dzina lake Gabrieli adayang'ana Muhammad pamene anali kusinkhasinkha m'phanga. Mngelo adagula Muhammad kuti alankhule mau a Allah.
Asilamu amakhulupirira kuti Muhammad anakhalabe moyo wake wonse kuti alandire mavumbulutso kuchokera kwa Allah.
Kuyambira m’chaka cha 613 kupita mtsogolo, Muhamadi ankalalikira uthenga umene analandira mumzinda wonse wa Mecca. Adaphunzitsa kuti palibe china koma Allah ndi kuti Asilamu ndi awo Leben ayenera kudzipereka kwa Mulungu uyu.
hijrah
Mu 622, Muhammad adachoka ku Mecca kupita ku Madina ndi maloya ake. Ulendo umenewu unkatchedwa Hijra (wotchulidwanso kuti Hegira kapena Hijrah) ndipo umasonyezanso chiyambi cha kalendala ya Chisilamu. Zaka 7 pambuyo pake, Muhammad ndi mafani ake ambiri adabwerera ku Mecca ndikugonjetsa derali. Anapitiriza kuphunzitsa mpaka imfa yake mu 632.
Abu Bakr
Malinga ndi Mohammed Tod Chisilamu chinafalikira mwachangu. Gulu la atsogoleri otchedwa ma Khalifa anakhala otsatira a Muhammad. Utsogoleri umenewu, wotsogozedwa ndi mtsogoleri wachisilamu, unadzatchedwa kuti Caliphate.
Khalifa wakale anali Abu Bakr, apongozi ake a Muhammad komanso bwenzi lake.
Abu Bakr anamwalira pafupifupi zaka ziwiri atasankhidwa ndipo adalowa m'malo mu 634 ndi Caliph Umar, apongozi ake a Muhammad.
Ndondomeko ya Caliphate
Pamene Umar anaphedwa patatha zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kuchokera pamene adasankhidwa kukhala khalifa, Uthman, mpongozi wa Muhammad, adatenga udindowo.
Uthman nayenso adathetsedwa ndipo Ali, wachibale wake Muhammadi komanso mpongozi wake, adasankhidwa kukhala khalifa wotsatira.
Mu ulamuliro wa ma califa anayi oyambirira, Asilamu achiarabu anagonjetsa madera akuluakulu a ku Middle East, omwe anali Syria, Palestine, Iran ndi Iraq. Chisilamu chinafalikiranso kumadera aku Europe, Africa ndi Asia.
Dongosolo la caliphate lidakhala kwa zaka mazana ambiri ndipo pamapeto pake lidasanduka ufumu womwe udalamulira madera akulu ku Middle East kuyambira 1517 mpaka 1917, pomwe Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse idatha.
Sunni komanso Shiites - dziko lachisilamu
Muhamadi atamwalira, panali mkangano woti ndani alowe m'malo mwake monga mtsogoleri. Izi zidapangitsa kuti chisilamu chigawike ndipo magulu awiri akuluakulu adatuluka: Sunni komanso Shiites.
Asilamu pafupifupi 90 mwa anthu XNUMX alionse padziko lonse a Sunni. Iwo akuvomereza kuti ma Khalifa anayi oyambirira anali olowa mmalo enieni a Muhammad.
Asilamu achi Shia amakhulupilira kuti Khalifa Ali ndi ana ake okha ndi omwe ali otsatira enieni a Muhammad. Iwo akutsutsa kudalirika kwa makhalifa atatu oyambirira. Masiku ano, Asilamu a Shiite alipo ku Iran, Iraq komanso Syria.
Mitundu ina ya Chisilamu - Dziko la Chisilamu
Palinso zipembedzo zina zing'onozing'ono zachisilamu mkati mwa magulu a Sunni ndi Shia.
Zina mwa izo ndi:
Fuko la Tameem la Saudi Arabia linakhazikitsidwa m'zaka za zana la 18. Otsatira amawona kutanthauzira kokhwima kwambiri kwa Chisilamu chophunzitsidwa ndi Muhammad bin Abd al-Wahhab.
Alawite: Chisilamu ichi cha Shiite ndichopambana ku Syria. Mafani ali ndi malingaliro ofanana okhudza Caliph Ali, komanso amasunga maholide ena achikhristu ndi a Zoroastrian.
Land of Islam: Kagulu kagulu ka Sunni ka ku Africa-America kanakhazikitsidwa ku Detroit, Michigan m'ma 1930.
Kharijites: Gululi linaonongeka ndi ma Shiite atasemphana maganizo pa nkhani yosankha mtsogoleri watsopano. Iwo amadziwika ndi mfundo zazikuluzikulu ndipo tsopano amatchedwa Ibadis.
Koran (nthawi zina imatchedwa Korani kapena Korani) imatengedwa kuti ndi limodzi mwa mabuku opatulika ofunika kwambiri pakati pa Asilamu.
Lili ndi mfundo zina zopezeka m’Baibulo lachihebri kuwonjezera pa mavumbulutso operekedwa kwa Muhammad. Mawuwo ndi ndinalingalira za mawu opatulika a Mulungu ndikusinthanso ntchito zonse zam'mbuyomu.
Asilamu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti alembi a Muhamadi adalemba mawu ake, omwe adakhala Korani. (Muhammad mwiniwake sanalangizidwe kuwerenga kapena kulemba.)
Mtsogoleriyo ali ndi Allah monga munthu woyamba kulankhula ndi Muhammad kudzera mwa Gabrieli. Ili ndi magawo 114 otchedwa Surahs.
Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti Quran idalembedwa pambuyo pa Muhammad Tod adayikidwa pamodzi mwachangu mothandizidwa ndi Khalifa Abu Bakr.
